1
3,000 BCE
First vertical garden, grapevine crops as an element of the garden
2
600 BCE
Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the idea of gardens purely for pleasure.
3
500 BCE
Sigiriya citadel gardens, Sri Lanka, first planned gardens
4
500 BCE
The Acropolis, emergence of column-defined courtyards.
5
100 BCE
Mediterranean Courtyards, atrium of the House of the Faun, Pompeii, Italy
6
530 CE
Hagia Sophia - Istanbul, Turkey, vast interior courtyard or atrium
7
800 CE
The Great Mosque of Cordoba, Spain, expansive courtyard is known as Court of Oranges.
8
1100 CE
Medieval Great Halls, Westminster Hall, England, interior courtyard of magnificent hammer-beam roof.
9
1190 CE
The Cour Carrée, square Courtyard of Louvre Museum, France.
10
1300 CE
The Courtyard of the Maidens, Alcázar of Seville, Spain, Europe’s oldest palace in use of Mudejar Architecture grandeur.
11
1370 CE
Spanish Patios, Spanish parallel to Italian Cortile.
12
1450 CE
The Forbidden City – Beijing, Yard as a political and ritual focal point.
13
1528 CE
Mughal Gardens, Symmetry, axis and fountains resembling paradise.
14
1550 CE
Villa d'Este, Tivoli, Italy, Terraced Renaissance Garden.
15
1564 CE
Medersa Ben Youssef, Moroccan courtyard with water at the centre.
16
1565 CE
The Cortile del Belvedere, the square of high Renaissance in Vatican, Rome.
17
1570 CE
Plaza Grande, Quito, Ecuador, public square of political importance.
18
1577 CE
Yuyuan Garden, Shanghai, Chinese garden of ‘peace and comfort’.
19
1580 CE
Spanish Plazas, Plaza Mayor, Madrid, major plaza in the heart of Madrid
20
1583 CE
Beit Ghazaleh, Aleppo, Syria, Royal Ottoman architecture with central court.
21
1630 CE
Stuart Gardens, Britain, Geometric gardens, yards of class and power.
22
1631 CE
Palace of Versailles, France, Monumental gardens are as important as the palace.
23
1636 CE
Harvard University- Educational courtyards, Quiet space for gathering, reading and interaction.
24
1728 CE
Jantar Mantar, Jaipur, India, Astronomical observatory including large courtyards.
25
1734 CE
Colonial American Gardens, Mount Vernon, USA, Gardens of British influence.
26
1741 CE
English Landscape Garden, Stourhead, England, scenic landscape-style garden for all seasons.
27
1745 CE
Japanese Zen Garden, Ritsurin Garden, Takamatsu, Japan, embodies principles of Zen design.
28
1754 CE
The Winter Palace, St. Petersburg, Russia, Grand courtyard known as the Palace Square.
29
1878 CE
Palácio do Deão, Goa, mansion with a front yard of Portuguese influence.
30
1814 CE
Indian Museum, Kolkatta, spacious landscaped courtyard with Colonial influence.
31
1816 CE
The Kunjur Chowki Mane, based on the Sixteen-century treatise ‘Manushyalaya Chandrika’
32
1819 CE
Courtyard houses of Ghana, ‘Atta kwame’ made from mud.
33
1845 CE
Victorian Drawing Rooms, Osborne House, England, ornate furnishings, heavy drapery, and a mix of patterns and textures.
34
1859 CE
Chatham Historic Dockyard, Kent, England, World's most complete dockyard of the Age of Sail.
35
1866 CE
Pacific's Bailey Yard, largest railroad classification yard in the world.
36
1877 CE
Industrial Shipyard, Blohm+Voss Shipyard, Hamburg, Germany, evolution of shipyards into modern, technologically advanced facilities.
37
1884 CE
Falaknuma Palace, Hyderabad, exquisite interior courtyard with British colonial interiors.
38
1891 CE
Siberian Railway Yards, Russia, main transcontinental Russian rail line connecting European and Asian cities.
39
1904 CE
Casa Azul (Frida Kahlo Museum), Mexico City, courtyard surrounded by cobalt-blue walls.
40
1925 CE
Bauhaus Building, Germany, arranged like a Mediterranean courtyard house
41
1930 CE
Cloisters, New York, USA, courts, Medieval arts and colonnade
42
1931 CE
Villa Savoye, France, modernist masterpiece with a garden terrace.
43
1938 CE
Villa Malaparte, Italy, Cliffhouse with an oceanic view as a backyard.
44
1944 CE
The Eltham Palace, England, Art Deco interiors with a skylight showering rays of light.
45
1945 CE
The Glass House, New Canaan, Connecticut, USA, the surrounding landscape is let into the house, enhancing porosity.
46
1945 CE
Farnsworth House, USA, integration of steel and glass for letting nature in.
47
1948 CE
Lunuganga estate, Sri Lanka by Geoffrey Bawa, landscape architecture that grows with time.
48
1949 CE
Säynätsalo Town Hall by Alvar Aalto, elements of classicism and scale by in-between spaces.
49
1972 CE
Hyundai Heavy Industries Shipyard, biggest shipyard in the world.
50
1972 CE
The Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas, USA, the central courtyard allows natural light into the galleries.
51
1973 CE
The Sydney Opera House, Sydney, Australia, terraces that provide panoramic views of the harbour.
52
1975 CE
Darlington Railway Centre and Museum, UK, features historic railway yard.
53
1983 CE
Alang Ship Breaking Yard, largest ship recycling yard.
54
1986 CE
Jawahar Kala Kendra, open spaces in between the nine-square concept.
55
1988 CE
Bahrain National Museum Garden, Manama, Bahrain, garden showcasing Bahrain's history and culture.
56
1988 CE
Aga Khan Academy Dhaka, arranged around green outdoor spaces.
57
1989 CE
The Louvre Pyramid, Paris, France, unconventional courtyard, surrounded by open spaces.
58
1991 CE
Water temple, Hyogo, enormous reflecting pond on top of the main hall.
59
1992 CE
The Getty Center, USA, open courts with outside scenic views.
60
2001 CE
CaixaForum, Madrid, Spain, cultural centre, vertical garden, and large open front yard.
61
2007 CE
Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque, Abu Dhabi, draws on Mamluk, Ottoman, and Fatimid styles with a large courtyard.
62
2009 CE
Contemporary Urban Courtyard, High Line, US, transformed old railway track into linear park for public space.
63
2010 CE
The Marina Bay Sands, Singapore, features Sands SkyPark with an infinity pool and landscaped gardens, landscaped terrace at its base
64
2011 CE
Kauffman Center for the Performing Arts, Kansas City, USA, stunning futuristic lobby with glass walls
65
2012 CE
Gardens by the Bay, Singapore, futuristic Supertree Grove with vertical gardens and urban greenery.
66
2014 CE
Pure Land, Tibet, World’s highest vineyard
67
2014 CE
The Edge, Amsterdam, Netherlands, futuristic courtyard with smart building tech and energy-saving sensors.
68
2016 CE
The Oculus, New York City, USA, transportation hub and shopping centre with futuristic structure.
69
2019 CE
The National Museum of Qatar - Doha, Qatar, expansive courtyard inspired by the desert rose.
70
2020 CE
Rajkumari Ratnavati Girl’s School, Rajasthan, circular School in a desert with a cooling courtyard.
71
2022 CE
Common Sky -Buffalo AKG Art Museum, cutting-edge open-air courtyard
72
2023 CE
Pavilion for Old War Office in Whitehall, London, five-metre sculptural fountain
73
2023 CE
Hickoke Cole AI designed building. Courts in between 24-storey structure.
74
2023
Worldwide, Hyperloop Transportation, High-Speed Transportation Innovation
75
For 2025 CE
Saudi Arabia’s pavilion for Osaka, incorporates audio-visual elements showcasing Saudi Arabia's marvels.
